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On August 20, 1640, the Covenanters invaded England for the second time, and in a spectacular military campaign they took Newcastle following the Battle of Newburn (August 28).Demoralized and humiliated, the king had no alternative but to negotiate and, at the insistence of the Scots, to recall parliament.Wentworth’s actions alienated both the Protestant and the Catholic ruling elites in Ireland.In much the same way, Charles’s willingness to tamper with Scottish land titles unnerved landowners there.Charles II) and opposing groups in each of Charles’s kingdoms, including Parliamentarians in England, Covenanters in Scotland, and Confederates in Ireland.The English Civil Wars are traditionally considered to have begun in England in August 1642, when Charles I raised an army against the wishes of Parliament, ostensibly to deal with a rebellion in Ireland.Parliament assembled in April 1640, but it lasted only three weeks (and hence became known as the Short Parliament).
Despite its moderate tone and conservative format, the National Covenant was a radical manifesto against the Personal Rule of Charles I that justified a revolt against the interfering sovereign.Furious, Charles precipitately dissolved the Short Parliament.As a result, it was an untrained, ill-armed, and poorly paid force that trailed north to fight the Scots in the second Bishops’ War.Perhaps 4,000 settlers lost their lives—a tragedy to be sure, but a far cry from the figure of 154,000 the Irish government suggested had been butchered.
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Much more common was the plundering and pillaging of Protestant property and the theft of livestock.” The war that began in 1642 was a war within three kingdoms and between three kingdoms.
